A new ship energy management algorithm to the smart electricity grid system

In this paper, a new energy management algorithm has been suggested for the ships connected with alternative energies considering the smart electricity grid features. The algorithm focuses on the use of optimum energy source on the shipboard based on the priorities of authorities such as the most economic, environmental, or both criteria at the ports. The algorithm is performed in MATLAB, and several case studies are simulated to validate the results. The 5 maritime nations, which are at different regions: United States, Belgium, Turkey, China, and Australia, are taken into account in the case studies. The actual data of a bulk carrier ship have been used to achieve tangible results in the simulations. The results of the case studies are compared to determine the changes of energy cost and released emission to meet demand of electricity on the ships. Capital cost of the proposed concept is also given to make an economic evaluation. The results show that the ship energy management algorithm provides the significant economic and environmental advantages. This paper aims to contribute to the importance of the ships in the smart electricity grid concept for the maritime and electricity sector representatives.     

Analytical fractional PID controller design based on Bode’s ideal transfer function plus time delay

In this paper, a fractional order PID controller cascaded with a fractional filter is proposed for higher order processes. In this analytical design methodology, one or two reduced fractional orders plus time delay models are used to represent higher order system transfer functions. The controller parameters are determined so as to meet certain frequency domain specifications. A unity feedback reference model is employed where Bode’s ideal loop transfer function plus time delay of the fractional order model is placed in the forward path. The addition of this time delay provides the exact determination of frequency domain specifications if the system either intrinsically owns a time delay or a time delay is injected by its reduced order model. The proposed methodology is compared with two other related methodologies and it has been observed that the proposed controller performs much better than the others. Moreover, some empirical formulas for time domain characteristics of the reference model are numerically derived in terms of certain frequency domain specifications and time delay of the fractional reduced order model. The accuracy of these formulas is tested by simulations. The iso-damping, noise attenuation and load disturbance suppression performances of the proposed controller are also considered and compared with those of other related controllers.     

A test method for evaluating the thermal environment of underground coal mine refuge alternatives

Since 2009, the Mine Safety and Health Administration(MSHA) has required mines to install refuge alternatives(RAs) in underground coal mines. One of the biggest concerns with occupied RAs is the possible severity of the resulting thermal environment. In 30 CFR 7.504, the maximum allowable apparent temperature(AT) for an occupied RA is specified as 35 °C(95 °F). Manufacturers must conduct heat/humidity tests to demonstrate that their RAs meet the 35 °C(95 °F) AT limit. For these tests, heat input devices are used to input the metabolic heat of actual miners. A wide variety of test methods, sensors, and heat input devices could be used when conducting such tests. Since 2012, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH) has conducted over thirty 96-hour heat/humidity tests on four different RAs. This paper discusses the test equipment and procedures used during these investigations. This information is useful for RA manufacturers conducting RA heat/humidity tests, for other researchers investigating RA heat/humidity buildup, and for those who need to assess the thermal environment of any confined space where people may be trapped or are seeking refuge.     

Identification of Sortilin Alternatively Spliced Variants in Mouse 3T3L1 Adipocytes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder defined by systemic insulin resistance. Insulin resistance in adipocytes, an important regulator of glucose metabolism, results in impaired glucose uptake. The trafficking protein, sortilin, regulates major glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) movement, thereby promoting glucose uptake in adipocytes. Here, we demonstrate the presence of an alternatively spliced sortilin variant (Sort^17b), whose levels increase with insulin resistance in mouse 3T3L1 adipocytes. Using a splicing minigene, we show that inclusion of alternative exon 17b results in the expression of Sort^17b splice variant. Bioinformatic analysis indicated a novel intrinsic disorder region (IDR) encoded by exon 17b of Sort^17b. Root mean square deviation (RMSD) and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) measurements using molecular dynamics demonstrated increased flexibility of the protein backbone within the IDR. Using protein–protein docking and co-immunoprecipitation assays, we show robust binding of Glut4 to Sort^17b. Further, results demonstrate that over-expression of Sort^17b correlates with reduced Glut4 translocation and decreased glucose uptake in adipocytes. The study demonstrates that insulin resistance in 3T3L1 adipocytes promotes expression of a novel sortilin splice variant with thus far unknown implications in glucose metabolism. This knowledge may be used to develop therapeutics targeting sortilin variants in the management of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.     

An algorithm for computing compatibly Frobenius split subvarieties

This paper describes an algorithm which produces all ideals compatible with a given surjective Frobenius near-splitting.     

浅析沿街商业建筑设计

文章提出了沿街商业建筑的商业价值决定了其视觉通透、形象丰富的建筑取向、其建筑形象应面向大众追求流行时尚而不是追求永恒、其排除机动车组成步行街是最理想商业街形态的观点,围绕所提观点对沿街商业建筑设计展开了浅析,并结合实例为之佐证。     

交变磁场对聚合硫酸铁水解产物的影响

电镜扫描分析,交变磁场下聚合硫酸铁晶体颗粒尺寸明显比非磁化PFS要大,应该是由于磁结晶效应。采用红外光谱、X射线衍射,确定了磁化作用并没有使PFS形成新羟基键化合物,排除其结构上的差异。而通过紫外光谱分析发现,磁化作用使Fe(c)含量减小,推断在交变磁场作用下,使得Fe3+水合离子化合物的束缚力增强,抑制Fe3+进一步生成Fe(c)这类高聚态化合物,从而使Fe(a)、Fe(b)这类低聚态铁离子水合化合物含量增多。     

海盐污秽下悬式绝缘子闪络电压特性试验

通过涂污的XP-70型绝缘子在盐雾条件下的人工污秽试验,研究在粉尘污染源较少且靠近海的地区海盐污秽单独对表面洁净绝缘子闪络特性的影响,以及在粉尘污染源较多且靠近海的地区粉尘污秽和海盐污秽共同对绝缘子闪络特性的影响。试验结果表明:盐雾电导率越大,绝缘子的闪络电压越低;绝缘子表面等值附盐密度越大,其闪络电压越低。针对沿海地区环境情况,对海盐污染地区绝缘子选型提出建议:粉尘污源较少地区选用钟罩型玻璃绝缘子;粉尘污源较多地区选用复合绝缘子,但应综合考虑其老化特性。     

Robust algorithms for the solution of the ideal adsorbed solution theory equations

The ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) theory has been shown to predict reliably multicomponent adsorption for both gas and liquid systems. There is a lack of understanding of the conditions which guarantee convergence for various algorithms used to solve the IAS theory equations and inconsistencies are present in the reported computational effort required for the different approaches. The original nested loop and the FastIAS technique are revisited. The resulting system of equations is highly nonlinear but both methods are shown to be robust if appropriate choices are made for the starting values of the unknown variables. New initial conditions are proposed and the resulting algorithms are compared in a consistent manner with the main methods available to solve the IAS theory equations. The algorithms are extended for the first time to all nontype I isotherms. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 981–991, 2015     

Predicting multicomponent adsorption: 50 years of the ideal adsorbed solution theory

Describing multi‐component adsorption is fundamental to using sorption in any chemical separation. 50 years ago, Myers and Prausnitz made a seminal contribution to characterization and prediction of multi‐component adsorption by introducing Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory (IAST). Here, we give an overview of IAST, highlighting its continued role as a benchmark method in describing adsorption using illustrative examples from a variety of experimental and molecular modeling studies. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2757–2762, 2015